Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors. At the 50mg dose used for addiction treatment, that blockade is sustained and full. At low doses, researchers have proposed a different mechanism: a brief, partial blockade — often described as occurring for a few hours after a bedtime dose — that some researchers hypothesize triggers a rebound increase in the body’s own endogenous opioids (endorphins). Separately, naltrexone at low concentrations has been studied for effects on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in glial cells, a pathway implicated in neuroinflammation and central sensitization, as well as in other cells such as mast cells to modulate immune response.
These are proposed mechanisms under active study, not settled science. The exact mechanism of any benefit patients report is still being researched, and mechanism plausibility is not the same as proven clinical benefit.